In the United States, law enforcement operates under a shroud of secrecy with far less democratic accountability than our other public institutions. Police Oversight Bodies are limited in power under most state laws. Police departments are able to control the Oversight Bodies’ access to the data, evidence, witnesses, and personnel files that they need for meaningful oversight.
A first step: The Congress discussed some critical legislation, but it didn’t pass. However, state legislatures and municipalities, can and should pass legislation permitting localities to establish Civilian Oversight Bodies. Localities should be able to give these bodies subpoena power to compel the production of documents and witnesses, allowing them to investigate, gather, analyze, and review information; produce public reports; and to make informed recommendations related to policing issues of significant public interest. Localities should also be able to empower these bodies to make the final decisions on disciplining officers, adjudicating use of force, recruiting practices, and creating policies. Localities can empower these bodies with the independence that is necessary to have a lasting impact.
A FIRST STEP
Oversight is an important first step toward police accountability and transparency in our communities.
PROACTIVE
- Not just reviewing misconduct complaints.
- Can include independent analysis of police data related to Use of Force, Stop-and-Frisk, or other procedures; financial auditing and recommendations; review of policies, independent investigations, and proposals to address systemic issues; and more.
INDEPENDENT
- Must be independent authorities, not subsidiaries of the police departments they oversee.
- Must be independent from political processes.
- Must be independent and permanently secured financially.
- Must have independence of voice. Oversight should not keep secrets for law enforcement.
INDIVIDUALIZED
- For each locality based on specific needs of the community.
- This requires broad (not prescriptive) enabling legislation for each municipality to establish a structure that meets their unique needs.
COMMUNITY-DRIVEN
- Oversight should be conducted—in part or in whole—by the people most impacted by policing in their communities.
EMPOWERED
- Subpoena (witnesses) and subpoena duces tecum (documents) authority.
- The statewide repeal of laws that prevent public access to and publication of police records on discipline and other matters of public concern.
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Final decision-making authority on:
- disciplinary matters,
- adjudicating use of force,
- recruiting practices, and
- creating policies.
- disciplinary matters,
TRANSPARENT
- All meetings and reports should be public and all operations should be transparent.
AN INVESTMENT IN OUR COMMUNITIES
- Financial and administrative support (as requested by the individual oversight body) by municipalities is critical to the success of police oversight.
AN ITERATIVE PROCESS
- Meaningful civilian oversight faces numerous hurdles in the United States due to the overwhelming protections law enforcement officers have, including statutory procedural guarantees when faced with discipline or firing that no other public official enjoys, qualified immunity, and more. Oversight will change as these landscapes change.
Pitfalls to Avoid
OVERSIGHT IS NOT A ONE-STEP SOLUTION FOR ALL POLICING ISSUES
OVERSIGHT IS NOT SOLELY A REACTIVE “CIVILIAN REVIEW BOARD”
- “Civilian Review Board” indicates that the only power an Oversight Body has is to “review” individual complaints. It leaves out the ability independently investigate (rather than relying on the police department’s records) and to engage in work focused on systemic problems.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT CHOSEN OR HOUSED BY POLICE DEPARTMENTS
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Appointees should not be chosen by the Chief of Police.
- Oversight bodies should be independent of the Police Department in all ways.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT A STATEWIDE BODY
- A statewide Oversight Bodies overseeing all law enforcement agencies in the state would disregard best practices identified by the National Association of Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement (“NACOLE”).
OVERSIGHT IS NOT DONE FROM THE TOP-DOWN
- Localities should be encouraged and empowered to create strict Oversight Bodies membership criteria based on the history and patterns of local policing to ensure that communities most impacted by policing are represented.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT PERFORMATIVE
- State laws already afford extraordinary protections to law enforcement officers and conceal extensive information regarding their work from the public. Civilian oversight bodies must be given real power or else they risk being performative political statements with no actual “teeth” or power.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT SECRETIVE
- This is a public-facing process and all efforts should be made by the Legislature and localities to ensure that policing matters are able to be discussed in public settings and all reports are made public.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT SOLELY VOLUNTEER-BASED
- Staff can and should be able to be hired by localities, with statewide and/or local permanent financial support.
OVERSIGHT IS NOT A QUICK FIX
- Community-Police distrust is not new. We are at a critical moment in our nation’s history and, as Civilian Oversight Bodies become more widespread, additional statewide legislative pushes may be needed to ensure meaningful oversight and community legitimacy of the oversight process.
